Features 25/02/21 7 Min read

Why passing on your first language could be your child’s superpower

Features 25/02/21 7 Min read

There are many benefits to first-generation migrant parents passing on their first language – and accent – to their children, write Chloé Diskin-Holdaway and Paola Escudero.

Australia is a multicultural society. There are different traditions, cultures, accents and languages all over the country.

The latest Census data show almost 30 per cent of Australians speak a language other than English, or English and another language, at home.

In our latest survey, we have had responses from 281 multilingual families across Australia, who speak a variety of languages at home. They include Arabic, Vietnamese, Mandarin, Teo Chew and Spanish.

We found many first-generation migrant parents are hesitant to pass on their first language to their children. This is because they believe a different language at home will give their children a foreign accent. Yet some parents also feel if they speak English to their children, their children will pick up their own accented English.

This can leave some parents in somewhat of a catch-22, feeling that no matter what, their children will be faced with the same discrimination as them.

But it’s important to speak to your children in your own language, and your own accent. By being exposed to multiple ways of communicating, children learn multiple ways of thinking.

They learn to understand that everyone plays different roles, has different identities; and that others may speak or look different.

Bias against foreign languages

Research suggests people are highly biased in their preferences for certain accents and languages. According to the linguistic stereotyping hypothesis, hearing just a few seconds of an accent associated with a lower-prestige group can activate a host of associations.

Hearing a stereotypical ‘foreign accent’, for example, can lead people to immediately think of that person as being uneducated, inarticulate or untrustworthy.

These kinds of biases develop early in life. In a 2009 study, five-year-old children chose to be friends with native speakers of their native language rather than those who spoke a foreign language or had an accent.

One hypothesis is that this is due to our broader survival mechanism. Babies learn early to tune in more to the voice of their caregiver rather than a stranger’s voice. This means they are better able to detect when they are in a dangerous situation.

However, over time, these stranger-danger associations become stereotypes, which can lead us to hear or see what we expect. When we get older, we need to unlearn our biases that once kept us safe to become more accepting of others.

In Australia, there is systematic discrimination towards speakers of Australian Aboriginal English, as well as towards speakers of ‘ethnolects’, which are a way of speaking characteristic of a particular ethnic group – such as Greek, Italian or Lebanese.

When people hear these accents, they may think that person does not speak English well. But having an accent is special: it signals you are multilingual and you have the experience of having grown up with multiple cultural influences.

Accentuate the positive

Many of the parents we surveyed felt hesitant to speak multiple languages at home, or felt their efforts were not being supported at school.

One parent told us:

Instead of helping her (my daughter) develop the language, all primary teachers assessed her language in comparison with the monolinguals and demanded to cut the other languages to ‘improve’ the school language.

I would not have dared to experiment here in Australia with the kid’s second language. The peer pressure, the teacher’s pressure and the lack of language schools are main factors.

But over the centuries, some of the world’s brightest people, such as author Joseph Conrad spoke with a strong accent. Many others, such as Vladimir Nabokov, Gustavo Pérez-Firmat and Eva Hoffman (who wrote Lost in Translation in her second language) harnessed the benefits of being bilingual to produce astounding literary works, drawing on the different ‘voices’ in their heads to act out different characters.

In this way, a second language can be a superpower.

Children who can speak several languages tend to have higher levels of empathy. They also find it easier to learn languages later in life.

Multilingual exposure facilitates interpersonal understanding among babies and young children. This social advantage appears to emerge from merely being exposed to multiple languages, rather than being bilingual per se.

Being multilingual is also an amazing workout for the brain: speaking multiple languages throughout your life can help delay the onset of dementia and cognitive decline.

Parents’ confidence translates to children

Research shows migrant parents who feel pressured to speak to their children in their non-native language feel less secure in their role as parents. But if they feel supported in using their first language, they feel more confident as parents, which in turn has a positive effect on children’s well-being.

We found migrant parents who do raise their children in more than one language report feeling good about passing on their culture to their children, and feel they have given them an advantage in life. They also feel as though their children are more connected to their extended family.

What you can do

Here are some ways you could help your children keep their native language, and accent, alive:

check out your local library or BorrowBox for books or audiobooks in different languages
connect with other multilingual families on social media for virtual or face-to-face playdates
schedule video chats with grandparents and extended family members. Encourage them to speak their language with your child
find out if your child’s preschool has a program for learning a new language, or check out Little Multilingual Minds. If your child is older, encourage them to take up a language in primary or high school. It’s never too late.

One parent shared their strategy for helping their child speak in different languages and accents:

I play games with accents, one child is learning French, the other Italian, so I play games with them about the pronunciation of words and get them to teach me words in the language they are learning and emphasise the accent.

We hope linguistic diversity becomes the status quo. This way, all children will gain cultural awareness and sensitivity. They will become more attuned to their evolving identities, and accept others may have identities different to their own.

Do you speak more than one language at home? Help us find out more about multilingualism in Australia by responding to this survey.

You can also help us find out Australian’s attitudes towards accents by taking part in this survey.

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About the authors

Chloé Diskin-Holdaway is Senior Lecturer in Applied Linguistics in the School of Languages and Linguistics at the University of Melbourne.

Paola Escudero is a Professor at The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development and a Chief Investigator at the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language (ARC CoEDL).

This article was originally published on The Conversation, and is published here under the Creative Commons licence. You can read the original.

Topics

Development Parenting